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Important breakthroughs for everyone in perchlorate production, from which a widely accessible and inexpensive production method can be developed. Progress in experimental circles has resulted in steps forward, providing a very solid reason for hope among experimenters that an accessible perchlorate production method can be achieved. This involves the membrane cell, with electrodes available to everyone. The basic electrode materials are Graphite, Glassy Carbon, Si, and SiC, which are worth experimenting with. The standout material is Glassy Carbon. However, it is also worth experimenting with MMO anodes for perchlorate production using the lead chlorate method. The key element is an experiment where pure lead was used as the anode in a NaClO3 membrane cell for a period, leading to the formation of lead chlorate. This was then swapped for graphite, on which a PbO2 layer successfully formed, preventing the electrode from disintegrating. In a graphite membrane chlorate cell, or where pH is controlled and the alkalization of the cell is prevented, it has also been documented that the graphite wear was reduced to a minimum, keeping the solution clear. On the sciencemadness forum, successful chlorate production was reported with a glassy carbon anode and a clear solution, with minimal electrode wear. Therefore, membrane cells seem to be very promising for perchlorate production. It's also good news that those who experimented with graphite anodes in membrane cells have been able to detect traces of perchlorate. Additionally, it’s good news that cheaper ozone generators are now available, and all that’s needed now is one that can operate continuously, as ozone is considered effective for perchlorate production. In a membrane cell, when gases are bubbled from the anode space into the cathode space and NaClO3 is used, this also solves the chlorine gas problem. I see that, aside from factory platinum and lead dioxide, and excluding overly complicated methods, there is a chance to develop a simpler and much cheaper method that will be accessible to everyone. Combined properly, these methods do not contradict the descriptions in scientific documents. Lead Ion perchlorate membrane cell Lead Ion perchlorate cell test The Simplest (But Most Expensive) Perchlorate Cell (Using boron-doped diamond electrode in a membrane cell) (Succeed NaClO4 production in a membrane cell without Platium or PbO2 using boron-doped diamond anode) The glassy carbon Anode: First test in a chlorate cell The Graphite Anode in pH controlled cells And now we're not talking about the theories of beginners or idiots, but there are tangible results that are worth focusing on. It also gives a realistic chance for the development of an affordable, usable method that anyone can create at home.

The energetic stuff is all outside, just a bunch of paper getting assembled inside 👍

If it turns everything silver then it is bright flake.

seems to work well in the video what size is the threaded bar ? thank you

I've been using one for months now and it works perfectly. I am very happy with it! Thanks again!

A NEW EDITION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE. THIS VERSION SHOULD NOT BE USED. THE SECOND EDITION IS AVAILABLE THROUGH THE LINKS BELOW. https://www.amateurp...cs-2nd-edition/ PYROBIN LINK FOR NON MEMBERS: http://pyrobin.com/f...PUBLISHING).pdf Over the last few months, I've been putting together a document which covers in pretty extensive detail the answer to a question I get a lot. How do you go about doing pyrotechnics with only OTC chemicals? My personal pyro interest (Aside from the more common things) is based mainly in the production of complex pyrotechnic devices with chemicals purchased and synthesized from only 'over the counter' sources such as agriculture suppliers, supermarkets and hardware stores. Since there isn't any definitive guide on how to do this, over time, to some extent, I've written my own. Below is attached this document. It details the compositions I use and the sourcing/ synthesis I use to acquire each of the chemicals listed in the compositions on the first few pages. Although I certainly don't expect anyone to read the whole thing some specific sections may be useful to those who have similar limiting factors to myself (mainly lack of suppliers) or who simply prefer to take a more hands-on approach to produce the chemicals we often take for granted. It gets a bit chemistry based in sections but anyone with enough time should be able to get around it ok. Certainly, it's not too complex. To help those looking for a specific piece of information, some notable articles contained include: Sourcing/ Finding Potassium Nitrate (KNO3), Sourcing/ Finding Lump Charcoal for Black Powder, Sourcing/ Finding Potassium Chloride (KCl), Sourcing/ Finding PVC powder (For Injection Moulding), Preparation/ Synthesis of Barium Chlorate (Ba(ClO3)2) via electrolysis, and Preparation/ Synthesis of Copper Oxychloride (Cu2(OH)3Cl) In the next few months, I may post an updated version of this guide as I write more of it, but for now, I think it's complete enough to be of use. Further, when NYE rolls around I may get some video of all the compositions together firing in a series of mines and upload that so that each compositions performance can be seen. Regards, AP

Making potassium perchlorate without lead dioxide, platinum, electrolysis, and complicated chemicals or extreme heating more than 400°C. The first method I would try are the US2858188A patent. Nothing else is needed only electricity. Just need 60% perchloric acid (12-15% NaClO3 can be added), a ozone generator and need to keep the temperature 80 to 85°C. The perchloric acid are recoverable in the process. The whole thing is that chlorate is added to the warm perchloric acid to form chlorine dioxide and ozone is bubbled to make perchlorate. From sulfuric acid or nitric acid equally good for the process and perchloric acid can be prepared with these from sodium chlorate. This is the method available to everyone. An ozone generator is needed instead of a platinum or lead dioxide electrode.

The topic deserves a more thorough research. In principle, it would work with the perchlorate synthesis with electrolysis without platinum or PbO2 anode. Patent US1279593A says with graphite or Si using a diaphragm cell possible to make perchlorate. The are SiC and Glassy Carbon which did not exist long ago. Glassy carbon crucible 10cm long and 2,4cm outside diameter, trade name SIGRADUR used sucessful for a chlorate cell. There is slower wear but the solution is clear. Using a NaClO4 KClO3 concentrated hot solutions double-displacement reaction and hot filtering the KClO4 can be easily separated from the chlorate. It takes a lot more time than with Pt, PbO2. Need a cheap, easily available electrode. It is also worth combining with an ozone generator. Using some sulfuric acid. Must check US 2858188, and DTIC AD0016814: Research on the Exploration of Methods to Produce Chlorates and Perchlorates by Means Other than Electrolytic documents. By keeping the solution hot, cold and the resulting chloric acid keeping above and under 40%, bubbling ozone, and not can make a lot of difference. There are cheaper ozone generators. There is no guarantee that it really works. The thermal decomposition the problem with is under degrees 400°C does not work. And using a simple gas stove this temperature cannot be reached. An inert ceramic that can tolerate high temperatures is required. Need a precisely controlled temperature over a long period of time like a charcoal mini grill with thermometer. Guaranteed to work, just complicated. Using US 2853362A - Process of producing perchlorates from chlorates (without electrolysis or thermal decomposition) guaranteed to work with high yield. Na2CO3+PbSO4=PbCO3+Na2SO4, Na2CO3+PBCO3+Cl2=PBO2+2NaCl+2CO2 Lead dioxide is recoverable, and sulfuric acid also recoverable from sodium sulfate using HCl. This is a cheaper way with high yield results without electrolysis or thermal decomposition. Guaranteed to work, just complicated. But everything that is not electrolysis here costs minimum double or many times more. Which is an alternative boiling chlorate with 50% HNO3 the resoult are 30% yield. Extract the perchlorate, HNO3, H2SO4 back are possible but not cheap. The yield is low and the method is costly. No one has developed effective home-made techniques for these methods. And these days, these alternative techniques are needed more than ever. More professional chemists like NurdRage who have equipment such experiments should be jointly supported in order to document them in detail on video. It would be easier for everyone than if we experimented with it separately. Those who achieve results for the community should be supported, until there is a developed technique everyone is throwing away money. There are methods that would be good for us, but for modern industry is not worth dealing with it. There are descriptions of the methods in old documents, but now there are more modern tools for it that were not available then. However, modern industry will no longer deal with these.

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LOL. At least we can understand WTF you're saying. We're not the grammar rodeo here; if you make a decent attempt at constructing a logical thought and presenting it in a coherent way you're not likely to have any trouble. What taxes the collective nerve of the community is the guy who starts a new thread like: hi dudz, my name iz bomz and im a exelant chemist and i wondar if u can tell me whatz a "oxidixizer?" That sort of stupidity will irk the collective soul of the Forum and incur some rather rude comments from, well, me as well as others. If you happen to make a syntax error, or forget the occasional capitalization then no harm done. Welcome to the Forum.